A story, picture, or piece of art that uses symbols to teach a deeper meaning or message.

The study of stars, planets, and space to learn about how the universe works

Being officially kicked out of the Church

Payments people made to the Church in exchange for forgiveness of sins

Believing or spreading ideas that go against the official teachings of the Church.

• A famous artist, scientist, and inventor of the Renaissance. He painted masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and studied anatomy, engineering, and nature.

An Italian writer known for his book The Prince, where he gave advice to rulers about how to gain and keep power

A German monk who challenged the Catholic Church by writing the 95 Theses.

A powerful Italian noblewoman who ruled her city-state and supported artists and writers. She was known for her intelligence, leadership, and love of learning

An Italian preacher who criticized the wealth and corruption of the Church and led the "Bonfire of the Vanities"

Enhanced knowledge about space

Improved medical knowledge

Faster spread of information

Increased detail and realism in painting