Thermal energy is the total energy of all the particles in an object due to their motion and position.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.

When particles are heated, they gain energy and move faster.

Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, where all particle motion stops, equivalent to -273.15°C or 0 Kelvin.

Heat transfer occurs only from warm objects to colder ones.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between materials.

Convection is the transfer of heat through